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This Concept Map, created with IHMC CmapTools, has information related to: Patho Concept Map - COPD, fibrosis and thickening of bronchiolar walls leads to narrowing of small airway --> airway obstruction, goblet cells stimulates increased mucous production, protease activity (neutrophil elastase, MMP-9) stimulates increased mucous production, irritant ex: tobacco smoke, environmental/ occupational exposure to dust or chemical activates inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli), breakdown of elastin promotes breakdown of alveolar wall & capillaries, inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli) infiltration of macrophages, inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli) infiltration of neutrophils, inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli) stimulates smooth muscle and epithelium, IL 6, IL-8, IL-1Beta TNF-alpha triggers neutrophils, breakdown of alveolar wall & capillaries leads to increased air spaces, increased mucous production leads to narrowing of small airway --> airway obstruction, narrowing of small airway --> airway obstruction characterized as CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, ciliary dysfunction leads to narrowing of small airway --> airway obstruction, ciliary dysfunction leads to narrowing of small airway --> airway obstruction, neutrophils increases oxidative stress (induced by oxidants in cigarrette smoke and neutrophils), inflammatory response (epithelial cells of airway - bronchioles & alveoli) increases oxidative stress (induced by oxidants in cigarrette smoke and neutrophils), smooth muscle and epithelium activates goblet cells, smooth muscle and epithelium activates Fibroblasts, macrophages releases IL 6, IL-8, IL-1Beta TNF-alpha, protease activity (neutrophil elastase, MMP-9) stimulates breakdown of elastin